In today’s society, there are countless people who are physically disabled and self-reliant, such as Zhang Haidi, Wu Yunduo and Tai Lihua … In ancient China, there are also many inspirational models. Some people’s contributions in a certain field even affect the development process of China’s history.
Zuo Qiu’s blindness "Jue has" Mandarin "
-Zuo Qiuming initiated the writing style of China’s history.
Blindness is one of the important causes of disability in ancient and modern times. In ancient times, binocular blindness was called "blindness", "blindness" and "blindness", while monocular blindness was called "paralysis", also known as lateral blindness, and the former was commonly referred to as blindness.
In the history of China, there are many celebrities with eye disabilities. For example, Shi Kuang, a famous musician in the pre-Qin period, was born without eyes, calling himself a "blind minister" and a "poor minister". Xia Houdun, a famous general called "The Wonder of the World" by Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms, was called "Blind Xiahou" because he was blind in one eye. Cao Cao doesn’t discriminate against disabled people. He even married his favorite eldest daughter, qinghe princess, to the talented Rockett without one eye.
Li Keyong, the legendary figure in the Five Dynasties and the great ancestor of the later Tang Dynasty, was also an eye-disabled person. Because he was born with one eye missing, he was named "Cyclops". In those days, Yang Xingmi, Huainan, had never seen Li Keyong, so he sent a painter to pose as a businessman to paint a portrait. When Li Keyong was informed, he wanted to embarrass the painter intentionally, so he arrested the painter to see how the painter painted himself. The painter was very clever, and he painted Li Keyong as a military strategist. Li Keyong was very satisfied with it. He not only let the painter go, but also gave him a lot of rewards.
When it comes to inspiration, the most famous blind man is Zuo Qiuming, a great historian in the pre-Qin period and a blind man in Lu.
Anyone who is familiar with Chinese scholars does not read Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu. The editor of these two important historical books in the pre-Qin period is Zuo Qiuming. The original name of Zuo Zhuan was Zuo’s Chunqiu, and later generations combined it with Chunqiu as an interpretation work, which was called Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan, or Zuozhuan for short.
This book records some important historical events between the Zhou Dynasty and vassal states in 255 years, from the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) to the twenty-seventh year of Lu Aigong (468 BC). In addition to the importance of historical records, Zuo Zhuan also created the writing style of China’s historiography, which was highly praised by later historians and had a great influence on historians’ compilation of China’s history. For example, his "straight book without concealment" was inherited by the good history of China since Sima Qian, and became one of the basic principles of ancient history writing.
Zuo Zhuan pioneered the format of "gentlemen say", which provided a space for historians to express their opinions. Since Sima Qian’s Historical Records, almost all the praises in the history books were inspired and influenced by Zuo Zhuan, so Zuo Qiuming was called "the founder of China’s traditional historiography".
Guoyu, compiled by Zuo Qiuming, is the earliest national history of China, so it was named because it mainly recorded words. The book has 21 volumes, which respectively record the historical materials of eight countries, including Zhou, Lu, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu and Yue, from the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period (about 967 BC to 453 BC).
When writing Mandarin, Zuo Qiuming was blind. Out of a sense of historical mission and responsibility, he recorded what he had seen and heard in the past decades, the important news of various governors and the gains and losses of the monarch and his subjects, and finally compiled and edited another China historical masterpiece. Sima Qian said in the preface to Historical Records Taishigong that "Zuo Qiu was blind and lost Mandarin", and that’s what happened.
Not only did Zuo Qiuming’s Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu influence the study of China’s history, but his spirit of being physically disabled and striving for self-improvement was even more touching. Later generations directly referred to Zuo Qiuming as "blind history", which showed his respect for status and deep inspiration.
Sun Tzu’s "On the Art of War"
-Sun Bin’s Art of War influenced the ancient war behavior.
Among the disabled people in ancient times, there were more physical disabilities than those who were blind, with the largest proportion of lower limb disabilities. In ancient Chinese, the words "limp", "limp", "limp" and "limp" all refer to lower limb disabilities.
In ancient times, there were many celebrities with inconvenient legs and feet. For example, Bian He, who gave the famous Baoyu "He Shibi", is a disabled person who has lost both feet. Bian He’s disability is the acquired cause. According to "Everything is done wrong with him", when Bian He cut his salary on Jingshan Mountain, he occasionally got a rough jade, which was presented to King Li of Chu and Chu Wuwang successively, but the two kings didn’t know the goods, so Bian He was cut off his left foot and his right foot successively, which is called "Yesterday Bian He presented a treasure, and the king of Chu cut it off". Fortunately, King Wen of Chu knew the treasure and carved it into a world-famous "harmonious jade".
Bian He’s feet were cut off, which is called "torture". The punishment of strangulation is one of the ancient tortures, which ranks among the "five punishments". The other four criminal laws are "Mo", "Mo", "Gong" and "Da Bi". Gouge, also known as chop, cuts off one foot, while the other cuts off both feet.
Among the celebrities with lower limb disabilities in ancient times, the pre-Qin period was the most, which was because of the popularity of licking at that time. This punishment was abused to the climax in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. For Qi State when Qi Jinggong was in power, the most expensive prosthesis and the cheapest shoe were on the market at that time, which was the origin of the allusion of "being expensive and cheap" and the direct reflection of the social tragedy caused by Qi Jinggong’s abuse of the punishment.
Sun Bin, a famous strategist in ancient times, was "gouged out" by Wei people before his death. However, he didn’t give in to his fate. After that, he won the trust of Tian Ji, the State of Qi, and set up an ingenious plan to command the army for many times, defeating Wei Jun, another rival and strategist led by Pang Juan, and forcing him to kill Pang Juan.
Sun Bin, a native of Qi during the Warring States Period, was a descendant of Sun Wu, an outstanding strategist. Sun Bin studied the art of war with Pang Juan, and achieved excellent results. Later, Pang Juan was appointed as a general by Wei Huiwang. He thought that he was not as good as Sun Bin, so he set a deadly trap, tricked Sun Bin into going to Wei, and slandered him. Wei Huiwang, a fatuous man, committed a crime against Sun Bin, tattooed his face, and gouged out two kneecaps, which is the record of "cutting off his feet by law and punishment" in Biography of Sun Tzu Wu Qi in Historical Records.
As a result, Sun Bin became a disabled person and could never stand up again. Pang Juan wanted to make Sun Bin "want to hide" and make him depressed from now on, but Sun Bin, who suffered a great blow, did not feel depressed, but lived stronger and more valuable.
After Sun Bin was brought back to Qi by the envoys of Qi, Tian Ji was discerning and took in Sun Bin, and Sun Bin’s wisdom and courage were revealed. Tian Ji often shoots archery with the princes of Qi. Seeing that the upper, middle and lower third-class horses they use for racing are almost the same, it is difficult to win recklessly. So he came up with a clever plan: compare the worst horse with the best horse of the other side, compare the best horse with the average horse of the other side, and compare the average horse with the worst horse of the other side. After three races, Tian Ji won two and lost only one, which is the winning rule of "Tian Ji Horse Racing".
Sun Bin’s outstanding military command ability and superhuman wisdom were brought into full play in the battles of "encircling Wei to save Zhao" and changed the historical trend of China at that time.
Sun Bin later wrote his military experience and combat experience into a book, which is what Sima Qian called "Sun Tzu’s foot is fat, but not the art of war". Sun Bin’s Art of War was unearthed in Linyi, Shandong Province in 1974, which caused a sensation. The art of war is an important military theory in ancient times, which, together with the Art of War written by Sun Tzu, his ancestor, had a profound influence on China’s ancient military war behavior.
Cai Hou’s paper "Everything is used in the world"
-Cai Lun’s invention influenced the development of human civilization.
Among the disabled in ancient times, people with physical defects were often ignored. In fact, the pain of these people is not less than that of other disabled people, but more hidden. The psychological damage suffered by them is more serious than the lack of legs and eyes, and some people even think that "life is worse than death."
In ancient times, most celebrities with physical defects were acquired. The castration in the "five punishments" is an important reason for the great increase of people with physical disabilities in ancient times.
The so-called "castration" is to destroy people’s reproductive function, "men are castrated and women are claustrophobic." Castration, also known as corruption, is second only to the death penalty. Originally called "lewd punishment", it was originally aimed at promiscuous incest men and women, and was later regarded as a criminal law, which was applied to prisoners. There is no humanity in the execution.
Among the ancient celebrities with physical disabilities, Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, is the most frequently mentioned.
Sima Qian was a famous historian in the Western Han Dynasty. In the second year of Tianhan (99 BC), Sima Qian, who was 47 years old and was appointed as a Taishiling, said a few fair words when defending Li Ling, the general who attacked Xiongnu and failed to surrender, which angered Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, and was imprisoned. In the absence of money to atone for sin, Sima Qian "endured humiliation and lived, and asked for castration."
Sima Qian was in agony after his imprisonment, but he thought that "King Wen was detained to play Zhouyi, while Zhong Nieu wrote Spring and Autumn Annals, and Qu Yuan’s exile was Li Sao". Sima Qian persisted and finally completed China’s first biographical Historical Records.
Sima Qian’s deeds have undoubtedly become a typical example of inspiration. The group of eunuchs, a unique group of disabled people in ancient times, worshipped Sima Qian as a "grandfather".
Eunuchs, also known as temple people and eunuchs, have emerged one after another throughout the ages. There are also many disabled celebrities with international influence in this crowd, such as Cai Lun and Zheng He. Among them, one of the most important and outstanding contributions is Cai Lun.
According to "The Biography of Cai Lun in the Later Han Dynasty", Cai Lun entered the palace at an early age and became a eunuch. The Eastern Han Dynasty and Emperor Liu Zhaoshi were the constant attendants, and later he was ordered by Shang Fang. Although he is a disabled person, Cai Lun is ingenious and likes to make utensils and articles. After serving as an official order, he "supervised the secret swords and various instruments, all of which are exquisite and dense, which is the law for future generations".
At that time, the writing materials of the court folk were mainly silks and bamboo slips, but the former cost was too high, and the latter was inconvenient to write and read. So Cai Lun improved the original paper-making technology of crushing hemp into fibers and extrusion molding at that time, and produced the earliest paper in the world that could be used for writing. In the 17th year of Yongyuan (A.D. 105), Cai Lun presented this batch of paper to Emperor Liu Zhao, and was praised by Liu Zhao. He specially named Cai Lun as "Longtinghou" and the paper he invented was also called "Cai Hou Paper".
Since Cai Lun invented and improved papermaking, the world has made great contributions not only to China, but also to the development of human civilization.
When "Cai Hou Paper" was widely used in China, expensive sheepskin and very brittle papyrus were still used as writing materials in Europe, so westerners listed papermaking as "Four Great Inventions" in China, and modern western scholars also ranked it as "the list of 100 celebrities who influenced the historical process of mankind".
It should be noted that there are more disabled people in ancient China who have played an important role in the process of human history and civilization.
(Ni Fangliu)
(Source: Beijing Evening News)
