I. Overview
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the basic principle, method and technology to study how to apply computer software and hardware to simulate some human thinking processes and intelligent behaviors (such as learning, reasoning, thinking, planning, etc.), and to create computers similar to human brain intelligence, so that computers can achieve higher-level applications. Include robot, language recognition, image recognition, natural language processing and expert system. It can simulate the information process of human consciousness and thinking. It is not human intelligence, but it can think like human beings, and it may exceed human intelligence.
It is a branch of computer science, which has been called one of the world’s three cutting-edge technologies (space technology, energy technology and artificial intelligence) since 1970s, and is also considered as one of the three cutting-edge technologies (genetic engineering, nanoscience and artificial intelligence) in the 21st century.
In the past 30 years, it has developed rapidly, been widely used in many disciplines and achieved fruitful results. Artificial intelligence has gradually become an independent branch, and has become a system of its own both in theory and practice.
Second, the course
In the summer of 1956, a group of far-sighted young scientists, led by McCarthy, Minsky, Rochester and Shen Nong, got together to study and discuss a series of related problems of simulating intelligence with machines, and put forward the term "artificial intelligence" for the first time, which marked the formal birth of this new discipline.
In May 1997, the "Deep Blue" computer developed by IBM defeated the chess champion Kasparov, which is one of the perfect manifestations of artificial intelligence technology.
Nowadays, artificial intelligence is booming. In many places and aspects, artificial intelligence is affecting human beings more and more closely and deeply. At present, the most popular ChatGPT is a typical example. Computers help human beings to do the work that originally belonged to human beings. Computers play its role for human beings with its high speed and accuracy. Artificial intelligence has always been the frontier subject of computer science, and computer programming languages and other computer software have existed because of the progress of artificial intelligence.
Third, the direction
Subjects involved:
Philosophy and cognitive science, mathematics, neurophysiology, psychology, computer science, information theory, cybernetics, uncertainty, bionics, social structure and Scientific Outlook on Development.
Research scope:
Language learning and processing, knowledge representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine science, knowledge acquisition, combinatorial scheduling problem, perception problem, pattern recognition, logic programming, soft computing, imprecise and uncertain management, artificial life, neural network, complex system, genetic algorithm.
The main contents of the research are: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning and search methods, mechanics and knowledge acquisition, knowledge processing system, natural language understanding, computer vision, intelligent robots, automatic programming and so on.
Strong artificial intelligence and weak artificial intelligence:
1. From the viewpoint of strong artificial intelligence, the computer is not only a tool to study people’s thinking, on the contrary, as long as proper programs are run, the computer itself is thinking, and it is possible to create intelligent machines that can really reason and solve problems, and such machines will be considered conscious and self-conscious.
There are two types of strong artificial intelligence:
Human-like artificial intelligence, that is, thinking and reasoning of machines, is just like human thinking.
Non-human artificial intelligence, that is, machines produce completely different perceptions and consciousness from people, and use completely different reasoning methods from people.
2. From the viewpoint of weak artificial intelligence, it is impossible to create intelligent machines that can really reason and solve problems. These machines just look intelligent, but they don’t really have intelligence and won’t have independent consciousness.
Weak artificial intelligence, also known as sub-artificial intelligence, is developing rapidly now. Especially after the economic crisis in 2008, the United States, Japan and Europe hope to realize re-industrialization by robots, and industrial robots develop at a faster speed, which has further promoted the continuous breakthrough of weak artificial intelligence and related industries. Many tasks that must be done by people can now be realized by robots. The mainstream scientific research focuses on weak artificial intelligence, which has made considerable achievements, while strong artificial intelligence is temporarily in the bottleneck and needs further efforts from scientists and human beings.
Fourth, the application
Application functions: simulation of machine vision, hearing, touch, feeling and thinking mode, including fingerprint recognition, face recognition, retina recognition, iris recognition, palmprint recognition, expert system, intelligent search, theorem proving, logical reasoning, game, information induction and dialectical processing, etc.
Application fields: machine translation, intelligent control, expert system, robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming robot factory, automatic programming, aerospace application, huge information processing, storage and management, execution of complex or large-scale tasks that cannot be performed by combined living beings, and so on.
Practical application case:
Digital family, digital architecture and digital life.
A digital life service system that takes building as the carrier and uses new generation information technologies such as Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data, mobile communication, artificial intelligence, etc. to realize the interconnection of life products such as system platform and home, and meet the needs of users’ information acquisition and use.
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V. Impact
1. Impact on natural science: In disciplines that need to use mathematical computer tools to solve problems, the help brought by AI is self-evident. More importantly, AI, in turn, helps human beings to finally understand the formation of their own intelligence.
2. Impact on economy: Expert system goes deeper into all walks of life, bringing huge macro benefits. AI has also promoted the development of computer industry and network industry. But at the same time, it also brings the problem of labor employment. Due to the application of AI in science, technology and engineering, it can replace human beings in all kinds of technical work and mental work, which will cause drastic changes in social structure.
3. Impact on society: AI also provides a new model for human cultural life. The existing games will gradually develop into more intelligent interactive cultural and entertainment means. Today, the application of artificial intelligence in games has gone deep into the development of major game manufacturers.
Artificial intelligence itself is an advanced research, which needs to carry out modern scientific research with a future vision, so it is likely to touch the ethical bottom line. As a sensitive issue that may be involved in scientific research, it is necessary to prevent possible conflicts as soon as possible, instead of trying to resolve them when the contradictions are insoluble.
Human beings’ curiosity and exploration of the unknown world has never stopped, and artificial intelligence has become an acceleration engine for reaching distant places.
Sixth, the recent concept of artificial intelligence bull stocks
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