分类归档 spa

　　Correspondent Tang Tang Our reporter Zhang Wei

　　When people get sick, they often have to hang water to take medicine. However, after the drug enters the human body, it is not smooth sailing to reach the designated position, stay for a longer time, be better absorbed, and avoid being accidentally injured by friendly forces.

　　In recent 20 years, more and more new nano-pharmaceutical preparations have flooded into the market, and nano-liposomes with the name of "small steamed buns" in the carrier have emerged as the times require. This kind of vesicle with nanometer particle size formed by lipid bilayer can wrap drugs with great toxic and side effects, poor stability and rapid degradation. By fusing with the cell membrane, the carried drugs are concentrated in the focus, so as to achieve targeted administration, and at the same time, the curative effect can be improved, the toxicity can be reduced, and the stability can be enhanced.

　　Recently, Professor Gu Ning of Southeast University led a team to break the technical barriers abroad, overcome the key technologies of nano-lipid materials, built the first domestic and largest production line of lipid nanoparticles in the world, and won the first prize of scientific and technological progress in Jiangsu Province.

　　Then, how does this nano-scale "little one" take on the heavy responsibility of "packaging" and "transporting" through-train service? What other unknown uses do nanoliposomes have besides their great potential in drug carriers?

　　Known as the secret weapon of "rejuvenation"

　　The formation of liposomes is due to the self-assembly properties of a substance called phospholipids. Phospholipid is an amphiphilic substance, one end is hydrophilic and the other is lipophilic. Due to the particularity of its molecular configuration, phospholipid will spontaneously assemble into a bimolecular membrane structure in water, and part of it will be wrapped inside, which is usually called "vesicle".

　　The earliest liposomes were naturally formed in water. After scientists discovered its special skills, they tried to synthesize phospholipid compounds by artificial methods in order to achieve the purpose of mass production. The diameter of liposomes is usually tens of nanometers to tens of millimeters, and "nano-liposomes" are liposomes with nanometer particle size.

　　The membrane structure of lipid nanomaterials is very close to the cell membrane, which provides convenience for drug delivery and absorption. Therefore, liposomes can wrap the effective components and introduce them into cells, so that the effective components can easily enter cells.

　　In many common drugs, liposomes are responsible. Such as antineoplastic drugs, drugs targeting reticuloendothelial system, protein and nucleic acid drugs, antibacterial drugs, anti-inflammatory hormone drugs, etc. Moreover, the drug with liposome as the carrier "skin is not delicate" can be administered in any way, including intravenous injection, subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, oral administration, pulmonary administration and skin administration.

　　"The size of liposomes is related to the route of administration and drug release rate, but nano-sized liposomes have obvious advantages as drug carriers." Professor Gu Ning told reporters that daunorubicin liposomes, for example, have a particle size of 60-mdash; 120 nm, because of its small particle size, it is not easily recognized by phagocytes of reticuloendothelial system after entering the blood circulation, so it can stay in the blood circulation for a long time. At the same time, the pharmaceutical preparation has no obvious cardiotoxicity.

　　In recent years, more and more nanoliposome drugs have flooded into the international market and become the fastest-growing high-end pharmaceutical preparation in the world. Nanoliposomes not only play an important role in the pharmaceutical industry, but also act as a professional "courier" in cosmetics. It can keep the activity of cosmetics well, so that growth factors and other ingredients can enter the stratum corneum faster and more completely, thus enhancing the cell repair ability. Therefore, liposome encapsulation is known as the secret weapon of "rejuvenation".

　　Oil-loving and hydrophilic "amphiphilicity" increases the difficulty of mass production

　　In recent years, in the international pharmaceutical field, dexterous and multifunctional nanoliposomes have almost become "online celebrity".

　　At present, a total of 29 nanoliposome drugs have been approved for marketing in the world. In addition, there are 87 nanoliposome drugs in clinical research stage and 132 nanoliposome drugs in preclinical research stage. Among them, there are 13 nanoliposome drugs approved for marketing by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

　　In sharp contrast, only three nanoliposome drugs in China have been approved for production, namely paclitaxel liposome for injection, doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome and amphotericin B liposome for injection.

　　But 10 years ago, the related drugs and cosmetics in China were blank, and the people in China could not touch them at all, because the key technologies of lipid nanomaterials were in the hands of foreigners.

　　The international market share of nanoliposome drugs is increasing year by year, but the industrialization development in this field in China has been slow. "The reason is that the lipid nanomaterials needed by nanoliposome drugs are completely imported, and their prices far exceed the raw materials themselves; Second, the quality, purity and stability of domestic liposome pharmaceutical preparations need to be improved; Third, the assembly technology of lipid nano-materials and the preparation technology of lipid nano-drugs have high requirements and great difficulties. " Professor Gu Ning told reporters.

　　In 1970s, when liposomes were first used as drug carriers, they were once ignored because of their extremely unstable structure and low drug encapsulation efficiency. With the in-depth study of liposomes, the existing problems have been solved initially. In the early 1990s, economical and efficient anti-fungal and anti-cancer drug liposomes were put into the market, which greatly promoted the research and development of liposomes.

　　Lipid nano-materials have unique hydrophilic and lipophilic "amphipathy", which makes it possible to add lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs and active ingredients to the same drug at the same time.

　　However, researchers have also found that the amphiphilic nature of lipid nanomaterials is a double-edged sword, which not only provides convenience for drug loading, but also increases the difficulty of mass production. Therefore, the preparation process of lipid nano-materials is complex, which makes it difficult to remove impurities, and it is difficult to purify intermediates and products, so it is difficult to achieve mass production.

　　It is also a treasure to use "the wind blows on both sides"

　　The raw materials for preparing nanoliposomes are not complicated, but if you can’t master the doorway, you can’t make qualified nanoliposomes.

　　Well-made liposomes have a phospholipid bimolecular shell, which is very similar to the structure of cell membrane, and they are very small, and their diameters are basically below 150 nanometers, which is helpful for the penetration of active substances.

　　To realize the localization of lipid nanomaterials, the synthesis process is particularly important. Therefore, Professor Gu Ning’s team put forward an innovative new process for synthesis and purification of lipid nanomaterials. Through self-made separation filler and independent separation and purification technology, they realized the industrialization of high-purity lipid nano-medicinal carrier materials.

　　Lipid nano-materials are hydrophilic at one end and lipophilic at the other, which seems to be "the wind blows on both sides", so how to use them well is also very particular. After repeated experiments, researchers finally found a "trick up my sleeve". "We creatively put oil-soluble drugs on the oleophilic outer layer and water-soluble drugs on the hydrophilic inner layer, giving full play to the role of drugs, and truly fostering strengths and avoiding weaknesses." Professor Gu Ning said.

　　According to Professor Gu Ning, they developed a new process for the synthesis and purification of lipid nanomaterials, which used a "one-pot" reaction to prepare key intermediates, and the yield was doubled. At the same time, the liposome coordination technology broke through the key bottleneck of the assembly of glycyrrhizic acid drug phospholipid complex. Diammonium glycyrrhizinate was complexed with phosphatidylcholine, a lipid material, to form a lipid complex, which greatly improved the lipophilicity of glycyrrhizic acid and made it easier to cross the multiple membrane structures of the digestive tract and enter the blood circulation, effectively solving the problem of low oral bioavailability of glycyrrhizic acid.

　　After the success of the project, the price of domestic lipid nano-materials dropped significantly, which significantly reduced the overall cost of liposome drugs. In addition, lipid nanoparticles technology has been widely used in domestic first-line cosmetics companies, and it has played a great role in preparing cosmetics with whitening, anti-aging and wrinkle removal functions.

　　From November 17th to 26th, the 21st Guangzhou International Automobile Exhibition will be held in Guangzhou China Import and Export Fair.

　　The exhibition area of auto parts and supplies, auto modification and new technology will be extended from November 17th to 20th. The 17th is Media Day, which is only open to domestic and foreign media and special guests. 18 -19 is the Professional Audience Day, with tickets to 100 yuan; 20 -26 is a public day, tickets for 50 yuan. This year’s exhibition will continue to use real-name registration system certification and swipe the ID card to enter the exhibition. Visitors can complete ticket purchase, ticket activation and real-name authentication at one time through the official WeChat of Guangzhou International Auto Show.

　　Following the opening of the newly-built Canton Fair Pavilion D in the last exhibition, this Guangzhou International Auto Show will continue to expand the use area of the Pavilion D, including six indoor exhibition halls and the outdoor exhibition area of the South Square in Zone D. At the same time, the newly-built "International Conference Center" was opened for the first time, with an exhibition scale of 220,000 square meters. There are 59 first cars in the world at this Guangzhou International Auto Show, including 8 first cars from multinational companies. 20 concept cars, including 9 international brand exhibition cars; There are 469 new energy vehicles, including 119 foreign brand exhibition vehicles, with a total of 1132 exhibition vehicles.

On December 9th, Shaanxi Provincial Public Resources Trading Center issued the "Publicity on the results of the proposed selection of pacemakers in the centralized procurement of pacemakers in provincial alliances (regions and corps)" (hereinafter referred to as "Publicity").

Review of pacemaker collection

Previously, several inter-provincial alliances have carried out the collection of pacemakers.

In 2019, Jiangsu Province launched the first domestic collection of pacemakers. The average price of this collection decreased by 15.86%, with the highest decrease of 38.18%. Among them, four of the five companies selected were imported, namely Medtronic, Abbott, Baiduoli and Boke, and only one domestic company was selected.

Since then, many provinces have also carried out the collection of pacemakers.

Up to now, the centralized purchase of pacemakers has covered three provinces (cities, districts) in 27 provinces, including Anhui, Jiangsu (two rounds have been carried out), Qinghai, Shandong, Fujian, Zhejiang (under planning), Qujing, Yunnan, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei "3+N" and Shaanxi seven provinces and one corps, and only Shanghai, Hubei, Shanxi and Guangdong have no arrangements.

Judging from the existing collection results, the highest decline was the second round of cardiac pacemaker collection in Jiangsu Province in May this year, with a decrease of 69%. Although the Shaanxi Alliance has not announced the result of the decline, the average decline of the products to be selected is 57.77% and the highest decline is 78.26% based on the average price of 50,000-60,000 in the past.

Compared with coronary stents and artificial joints, the price reduction of cardiac pacemakers is very mild. This is not unrelated to the current market structure of pacemakers in China.

The domestic production rate is less than 5%, and it is too early to cut prices drastically.

At present, Medtronic, Abbott and Bocco account for 43.0%, 23.7% and 17.8% of the domestic pacemaker market respectively, and the three giants together account for 84.5% of the domestic market. Together with the second echelon’s Baiduoli and Sorin Group, the market share of imported pacemakers in China reaches 95.7%.

In recent years, the annual implantation of pacemakers has been increasing year after year, and the growth rate is maintained at around 10%. It is expected that about 100,000 pacemakers will be implanted in 2020, and the market scale will reach 4 billion yuan.

With the increasing demand in the market, a few imported enterprises occupy the vast majority of the market share. On the whole, China’s pacemaker market still belongs to the "seller’s market", and it is not realistic to achieve a substantial price reduction.

Looking back at the field of domestic pacemakers, the technology of local enterprises in China is still in the initial stage. If the price of centralized purchasing is too low, the market price of products will be reduced below the research and development cost. If there is no desirable benefit, who else is willing to face the difficulties and conduct independent research and development?

Moreover, unlike other conventional consumables, manual follow-up and maintenance services after implantation account for a large proportion in the cost of pacemakers. Pacemakers will be carried for life after being implanted in human body. Follow-up doctors need to put a special small computer probe on the skin and remotely check whether the pacing system works normally in vitro.

At present, China has not been able to establish a follow-up service technical team. If foreign-funded enterprises lose the election because of their varieties and their profits drop too much, they will change the existing service model and cut off the labor service costs such as follow-up, which will have a huge impact on patients. Based on the above considerations, the bargaining range of centralized mining needs to be more cautious.

Heyihui medical treatment viewpoint

Centralized purchasing is a "double-edged sword". How to use the "price-cutting knife" of the policy to realize the double benefits of price control and industry development is a difficult problem..

Since the beginning of centralized procurement, the fields of artificial joints and coronary stents have experienced an ultra-high decline of up to 80% and 90%, which once made the industry discouraged. At the same time, in the medical field where patients’ health is paramount, the chronic diseases in the bidding field such as "winning the bid at the lowest price" and "bad money driving out good money" are criticized by the industry.

No matter how centralized purchasing develops, its ultimate beneficiary should be the patients. Based on the characteristics of the medical industry, how to grasp the bargaining degree of centralized purchasing really tests the decision-makers’ understanding of the industry and also affects thousands of medical device enterprises.

Source: Heyihui Medical

　　Shi Yang (right) uses toys to attract the attention of hearing-impaired children.

　　Liu Fang teaches students in sign language.

　　Zhang Yi gives instructions to the students.

　　Xia Hao’s students are studying in the classroom.

　　In the special education industry, students are generally called "angels with broken wings" because of physical defects. These children can’t hear the sound of the world or see the colors of blue sky and white clouds. Fortunately, there is such a group of people who have knocked on the hearts of children with love and persistence year after year. They may rarely feel the sense of accomplishment of "peaches and plums are all over the world", and what makes them happy is nothing more than the students making their first sound, knowing a new word and mastering a life skill … … They have a common name: special education teacher.

　　On the eve of Teacher’s Day, the reporter of Xi ‘an Evening News invited some citizens’ representatives to enter the world of special education teachers in primary schools, middle schools, universities and other places, and experience the "one day of special education teachers", showing the original ecology of special education teachers’ work and life, and experiencing their different teaching and unknown ups and downs.

　　Shi Yang, a language training teacher for children’s rehabilitation — —

　　A guide for hearing-impaired children at the beginning of their lives

　　"Where are the little cat’s eyes? Xuan’s eyes blink. " On the morning of September 6, in the classroom of the Rehabilitation Training Center of the Second School for the Deaf in Xi ‘an, Shi Yang, a rehabilitation language training teacher, was giving a parent-child class to the hearing-impaired child Xuan (a pseudonym) and Xuan’s mother. Xuan Xuan, 1 year and 7 months old, is a little angel whose ears are covered by God. She was screened for hearing impairment at birth and was diagnosed deaf six months later.

　　Shi Yang played a game with a kitten toy to attract her attention. There are also many toys and audio, triangle iron, drums and other vocal AIDS covered with cloth around her. Shi Yang said that normal children can hear voices when their mothers are pregnant, and hearing-impaired children have adapted to the silent world when they are diagnosed again at birth. Even if you wear hearing AIDS, you should start training as soon as possible, so that children can hear and perceive sounds and their corresponding things, and finally learn to make sounds.

　　"Rehabilitation training is the enlightenment point of hearing-impaired children, the first step to create possibilities and hopes for them, and an extremely important step. If the effect is good, hearing-impaired children can speak normally." Shi Yang said that more and more parents are aware of this and take their hearing-impaired children to language training as soon as possible. The youngest student in the rehabilitation training center this year is only one year and one month.

　　Because the students are young and can’t sit in the classroom and concentrate on training, Shi Yang can only attract his attention with toys. In class, when she cried, she sang children’s songs, and she made a lot of noise. She had to stop the class and play with her. Sometimes she would climb everywhere, and Shi Yang would climb all over the classroom.

　　"Try not to let the child see the mouth shape, let her listen to the voice more, the child has strong imitation ability, and can’t talk frequently." After training Xuan’s listening comprehension, Shi Yang will also give guidance to Xuan’s mother and demonstrate that Xuan’s mother can also train her children correctly at home.

　　Unlike other teachers in class, the students are young, and Shi Yang needs to sit cross-legged on the mat for class. After a class, her legs are all red, and when she stands up, she almost loses her footing. Just after seeing Xuan off, another pair of parents and children who had a parent-child class walked into the classroom again.

　　"I never feel tired. I have seen too many children open their mouths for the first time ‘ Mom ’ The scene has also seen many children successfully get out of school after recovery, which is the best reward for me. " Shi Yang said that she has always had a dream that all deaf-mute children can enter ordinary schools. Only deaf-mute children without deaf-mutes is her never-ending goal.

　　Citizen representative experience

　　"The first time I saw a class for such a small deaf-mute child, it was not easy for Teacher Shi to climb over and interact with the students." After a rehabilitation language training class, Li Hao, a citizen representative, was deeply touched. In his view, scientific correction and early intervention are important missions of special education, and special education teachers play an irreplaceable role in these two aspects.

　　"Teachers use professionalism and patience to care for special children and help them integrate into society. The special education teacher represented by Shi Yang is the guider of special children in the early life, and interprets the significance of rehabilitation education with professional spirit. "

　　— — Li Hao (a graduate student who lives in Zhonghai Guanyuan Community on Qujiang Avenue)

　　Liu Fang, a Chinese teacher in a deaf-mute school — —

　　Help children build logical relationships word by word.

　　"This year’s lilacs seem to be particularly lush, both inside and outside the city … …” As soon as I entered the teaching building of the Second School for the Deaf in Xi ‘an, I heard the sound of reading with unclear words, which was completely different from the imagined silent classroom.

　　These reading sounds were read by nine deaf-mute students in grade seven, who used sixth-grade textbooks from ordinary schools. Liu Fang, a Chinese teacher, stood on the podium and led the students to read aloud together. In order to let the students see the mouth shape of pronunciation clearly, she tried to read every word fully, even exaggerating, and commanded up and down with one hand following the tone.

　　Liu Fang took the students to read the passage of nearly 100 words for three times, and asked two children to go on stage to sketch sentences describing lilacs. After the whole class, only two paragraphs of the six natural paragraphs were spoken. Liu Fang said: "I have taught them the words in the text in one class the day before. It takes at least four or five classes to finish a text."

　　Liu Fang said that because of the lack of language environment, deaf-mute children are prone to problems of disordered word order and unreasonable logic, and their language use ability is very poor. Writing articles is just keeping a running account. In order to help students establish logical relations, straighten out word order and make better use of words, she can only lead students to read and help them understand again and again, so as to achieve the point where practice makes perfect.

　　There is a timetable on the back wall of the classroom, in which Chinese and math classes account for most, and most of them are connected with two identical courses. Liu Fang said that one class can only talk for a short period, and only two consecutive classes can finish one class. "The Chinese class in the compulsory section is an important step to help deaf children establish a logical relationship, and they dare not relax."

　　Exaggerated oral expression and standard sign language movements, in order to attract students’ attention, she kept walking in the classroom. After two classes, Liu Fang’s voice was a little hoarse. She put her hand on the podium and said "goodbye" to the students with a smile.

　　Liu Fang said with a smile that these special children are as keen as radar. Once, they were in a bad mood. Although they tried their best to hide their emotions, they were discovered by the children. "Teacher, are you in a bad mood? Don’t feel bad. " Liu Fang, who was in class, was interrupted by students. A simple and unclear sentence made her surprised and moved. Since then, her face has been full of smiles every day in class. "No matter how tired I am, I can’t show it. I hope I am a person with light in my heart, illuminating the children’s world with my own light and making them feel warm."

　　In her seven years as a teacher, Liu Fang received flowers from students for the first time the year before last. "I clearly remember that it was a red carnation wrapped in white plastic paper with purple dots on it." Liu Fang’s eyes are a little wet. She said that if she can make a wish, she hopes that the children can make a little progress every day, and with the help of teachers and parents, they can master life skills and live independently when they leave campus. This is her most anticipated Teacher’s Day gift.

　　Citizen representative experience

　　"The Chinese class for deaf-mute children is like this. The teacher is too hard." Mr. Zhong, a college teacher who lives in Furong West Road, was very emotional after experiencing a Chinese class for special children. "Teachers should not only tell the children the content of the course loudly, but also do sign language at the same time, so that the children can understand the content of the article from two aspects: sound and movement."

　　Zhong Yibo said: "When Mr. Liu Fang speaks every word, she will guide the children to pronounce a tone close to the correct pronunciation through the combination of pronunciation skills and sign language, which is not easy compared with giving lessons to ordinary children."

　　— — Zhong Yibo (college teacher)

　　Zhang Yi and Wang Shuai, football coaches of blind and dumb schools — —

　　One-armed teachers form blind football teams.

　　"Wu Jiacheng, stop first, the left shoelace is open." On the afternoon of September 6th, the newly formed football team of Xi ‘an School for the Blind and Dumb gathered on the playground. Coach Wang Shuai saw a student’s shoelaces open and squatted on the ground to help him tie them. Another coach, Zhang Yi, stood in the front row, followed by other students, hand in hand, standing in front of the goal about 80 meters away.

　　Wang Shuai guarded the goal, shouted "Go", and threw a football with bells inside, which could make a sound. A student opposite waved his arm and moved in the direction of the sound. The little football hovered between the students’ left and right feet and moved in the direction of the goal. Just a few steps later, the football was "lost", and the students looked half-faced, followed the sound of the bell, and then went to get the ball back.

　　This is a special team. The players are a group of blind children. Wang Shuai, who was guarding the goal, kept shouting "Hey, hey, hey" while clapping to guide the students. The student got up the courage to kick and the ball scored, but the child who didn’t know the shooting situation still stood where he started. "The goal is great. Go back to the queue." Only after Wang Shuai gave the student an affirmation did the student happily run back to the queue.

　　"Pay attention to pressing down the center of gravity and swing your arms naturally." Zhang Yi, the coach of the team leader across the goal, has been observing the movements of each student and then correcting them one by one. Zhang Yi has been a coach at school for 22 years. Before he came to school, he lost his left arm in an accident. As a computer teacher, he happened to see students kicking plastic bottles and asked them what they were doing. The student replied that he was playing football, which made him feel the students’ desire for sports, so he formed a football team. The newly formed team, with a total of 13 people, has just started the training of basic movements. Every movement should be demonstrated to let the children feel and learn, and then bend down to straighten their movements one by one. A team needs to train for at least one and a half years to make all the players run with the ball without dropping it. To reach the level of completing the game, it needs to train for at least three years.

　　Wang Shuai has been a coach for 19 years. When it comes to the preliminaries, he and Zhang Yi practice with their students for more than ten hours every day. Referring to these years of training, Wang Shuai said frankly: "Tiredness is certain, but we have the motivation to persist." Today, Li Yu, a professional athlete of Liaoning province’s football team for the blind, used to be a student of a school for the blind and dumb.

　　Zhang Yi believes that blind feet can not only help children get rid of blindness, but also enhance their physical fitness and improve their self-confidence and ability to live. "The world running in the sun is bright, and it is our greatest comfort to see their progress."

　　Citizen representative experience

　　"I can’t walk with my blindfold on, let alone play football. Blind students play too well. " After watching the training organized by Zhang Yi and Wang Shuai, Bai Yang, a citizen representative, expressed his deep respect for the two teachers. Bai Yang said that it was touching that Mr. Wang Shuai carefully examined the details of each child’s shoelaces before the training began. Teacher Zhang Yi has only one arm, and can also guide and lead blind students to run and play football on the playground. "We can’t imagine teaching blind students to play football, but the two teachers really did it." — — Bai Yang (employee of a bank in Keji Road, High-tech Zone)

　　Xia Hao, the head teacher of senior three in the school for the blind and dumb — —

　　Guide students to "touch" the beauty of mathematics

　　Xia Hao used to be a coach of the football team of Xi ‘an School for the Blind and Dumb, but since he taught senior high school students, he temporarily put aside the work of the football team and devoted himself to preparing for the college entrance examination.

　　"The college entrance examination is an important threshold for children, and I hope to help them seize this opportunity to enter colleges and universities." Xia Hao said that there are only three students in his class, and he is a senior three this year, which is also the first senior three since the establishment of the school for the blind and dumb. The first session means zero starting point and zero reference, which requires Xia Hao to pay more efforts and care.

　　The first thing Xia Hao does when he comes to school every day is to go to the classroom first. He cleaned the classroom and checked it again for obstacles to ensure that all the students arrived at school safely.

　　All three students in the class like music and have formed a band, dreaming of being admitted to Changchun University for further study. Students rehearse twice a week for two hours each time. Xia Hao is the logistics and chef of the band. He always accompanies students, helps to set musical instruments and move chairs. When the band went out to perform and compete, it was Xia Hao’s job to move the stereo and musical instruments. He ran before and after by himself, and took over all the work.

　　Mathematics is one of the most difficult subjects for blind students. As a math teacher, Xia Hao should also guide students to "touch" the beauty of mathematics. Xia Hao said that band training usually takes a lot of time, and he is worried that he will make time for students to make up lessons every night. In order to let students understand mathematical concepts intuitively, he tried many ways of "touch teaching". "Using rice and sand can make them feel the change of volume. To understand the concept of function, I will draw graphics on the palm or back of each child."

　　Xia Hao said that the learning status of the three children is different. In order to let the students learn math well, he made a detailed learning record for each child, and he recorded which child was wrong and which piece of knowledge was weak. In class, if a student can’t understand it once, he will teach it three or five times, and repeat it again and again until the student understands it.

　　Citizen representative experience

　　"Teacher Xia is a class teacher and a parent. I am very touched to hear that he has to accompany students every weekend and holiday, taking them to eat hot pot and jiaozi." Feng Ruili, a community resident who lives in Changyanbao Street, said that next year, Mr. Xia will take his students to their favorite universities to take the college entrance examination, hoping that their dreams will come true. "Although the process is very bitter, Teacher Xia’s efforts will not be in vain."

　　— — Feng Ruili (community resident of Changyanbao Street, Yanta District)

　　Liang Zenghua, Teacher of Special Education College of Xi ‘an Academy of Fine Arts — —

　　Innovating traditional courses to stimulate students’ unique talents

　　Liang Zenghua is an arts and crafts teacher in the Special Education College of Xi ‘an Academy of Fine Arts. Because deaf people and ordinary people have different understandings of words and sentences, Liang Zenghua often uses pictures to replace traditional characters for teaching. Presentation (PPT) is an essential tool for Liang Ceng Hua’s class. The PPT of a class should be supported by at least two or three hundred pictures. From collecting pictures to making PPT, it takes six or seven hours to prepare lessons for each class, but Liang Ceng Hua never feels hard. He said, "Special children have a more delicate understanding of pictures and have different understandings of art. Picture teaching can better stimulate students’ creativity."

　　In addition to being a professional teacher, Liang Zenghua is also the vice president of the College of Special Education, in charge of teaching arrangements. In his view, every special student has a unique talent that is different from and higher than ordinary people, and the traditional arts and crafts as the teaching basis can only ensure the students’ completion of their studies and their basic survival after graduation. In order to expand the unique space belonging to special students, he looked through a lot of materials and visited many colleges and universities. After continuous research, he sorted out a set of innovative and integrated courses.

　　"Only by integrating two or three courses and applying arts and crafts to practical arts can students’ works better adapt to the trend of the times and the market." Liang Zenghua, for example, said that by combining the traditional fiber art class with leather goods class, students can be taught to make fiber-woven purses.

　　"The duty of university teachers is not only to help students master certain skills and solve employment problems, but more importantly, to help them find their future direction and gain a foothold in society." In Liang Ceng Hua’s view, special students have unique advantages, and deaf-mute students can calm down and create wonderful audio works in a silent world. "College education can make children go further on the road of art, which is also my duty."

　　Reporter’s sentiment

　　Before the interview, I always thought that specialized courses were to help special students acquire skills, but Mr. Liang Zenghua’s goal was more than that. He always stressed that every special child has absolute advantages, so that special children should walk in front of the social road and stimulate the potential of their unique space. Let students not only have works, but also have creations to keep up with the times. This is the significance of higher education. (Reporter Ma Xiang)

　　With the dual drive of policy and market, China’s new energy vehicle market has experienced explosive growth in the past 10 years. However, it should not be ignored that the first batch of power batteries for new energy vehicles are aging, and a "retirement tide" of power batteries is coming.

　　According to the quality assurance ability of 20% battery decay in 8 years of general vehicle manufacturers, China has ushered in a rapid increase in the number of retired power batteries for new energy vehicles since 2017. It is estimated that the number of retired batteries will reach 9.3 billion watt-hours in 2025, and the number of retired batteries will increase by more than 1 million orders of magnitude every year. This will bring huge potential market value of ladder utilization. If the retired batteries are recycled according to the method of first step and then regeneration, it is estimated that the total market size will reach 37.9 billion yuan by 2025.

　　As we all know, batteries contain a variety of heavy metal elements, which will cause environmental harm if not handled properly. What will happen when the waste power battery has a huge potential market scale and meets the recycling market system that needs to be improved? What are the "blocking points" that need to be opened?

　　1. Value and risk of a "retired" power battery

　　According to the national standard of new energy vehicles, power batteries can often be "retired" with more than 80% remaining. This makes the power battery still have great use value after it is retired from the vehicle, which not only forms a huge potential market, but also means certain environmental risks.

　　"Generally speaking, after the service life of power batteries is 5-8 years, we encourage ‘ Retired ’ Step use of battery. Although the battery’s cruising range is reduced, it can’t meet the needs of vehicles, but it can be recycled for other energy storage needs, and it can still continue ‘ Service ’ For a while, you can also choose the recycling of batteries in the future. " Jia Jingchun, an associate professor at the School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences of Inner Mongolia Normal University, introduced.

　　Liu Wanmin, an associate professor at material chemistry of Hunan Institute of Technology, told the reporter: "‘ Retired ’ Power batteries can be widely used in power system energy storage, backup power supply for communication base stations, low-speed electric vehicles and small distributed household energy storage, wind and solar complementary, electric forklifts and other fields. Generally, it can be used to about 60% of the initial capacity of the battery. According to different usage scenarios, the service life can range from several months to several years. "

　　It still has the use value of several years, which makes "step by step utilization first, then recycling" become the first choice for recycling "retired" power batteries. Cascade utilization refers to the application of "retired" power batteries in other fields. Recycling is to disassemble, crush and screen the "retired" battery, and extract lithium, cobalt, nickel and other metal elements from the battery by leaching hydrometallurgy or pyrometallurgy, and use them in the production of secondary batteries.

　　The reporter learned that power batteries contain metal elements such as lithium, cobalt, manganese and nickel, and the cost of raw materials accounts for 50%~70% of the total cost. The lithium salt and cobalt salt consumed by power batteries have become the largest proportion in all application fields of lithium and cobalt. With the rapid consumption of primary resources, the recovery of secondary resources should reach the corresponding level. Since the release of National Mineral Resources Planning (2016-2020), China has reserved rare earth metal minerals as strategic resources. Therefore, recycling metal elements in power batteries can not only better develop circular economy, but also effectively alleviate China’s long-term dependence on such resources.

　　However, Jia Jingchun also pointed out that lithium batteries contain heavy metals such as lithium, and some batteries use organic electrolytes and organic separators. Different from the simple recycling method of traditional lead-acid batteries, the metal recycling process of lithium-ion batteries is relatively complicated. Once improperly operated, these heavy metals and organic electrolytes will bring serious threats to the environment.

　　"After the battery is dismantled, we generally use hydrometallurgy or pyrometallurgy to recycle lithium, nickel, cobalt and other metal elements. Improper disassembly will lead to many problems such as safety, environment and resources. From the safety point of view, there are hidden dangers such as electric shock, short-circuit explosion and hydrofluoric acid corrosion. From the environmental point of view, there are heavy metal pollution such as cobalt and nickel, fluorine pollution and white pollution caused by battery diaphragm. From the perspective of resources, there is a waste of high-priced resources such as lithium, nickel and cobalt. " Liu Wanmin said.

　　2. Battery recycling enterprises face three major challenges.

　　Although the recycling potential is huge, at present, there is no leading enterprise in the power battery recycling market, and even some chaos has occurred. Earlier, some media reported that many host manufacturers have established battery recycling business. However, some power batteries did not flow into the formal channels, but were bought at high prices by unqualified and highly polluting small factories and improperly treated, causing hidden dangers of secondary environmental pollution. Why is this so?

　　"First, at present, users of new energy vehicles are not strong enough to recycle power batteries; Second, the recycling price of some small workshops is much higher than that of regular recycling enterprises; Third, the enterprises that recycle batteries have high qualification requirements, which leads to a limited number of formal recycling enterprises; Fourth, the recycling technology is immature and the recycling business model lacks innovation. " Liu Wanmin analyzed.

　　Among them, the ladder utilization and recycling is the most difficult. Although China has become the country with the best development of new energy vehicles in the world, power battery is still a new technology. In the eyes of the industry, enterprises still face three major challenges in battery recycling: inconvenient battery disassembly, unknown residual value of battery health and low economic benefits.

　　The complexity of "retired" batteries is high. Different power batteries have different internal and external structural designs, module connection methods and process technologies, and only have square, cylindrical, soft bag and other shapes. This directly led to the later disassembly work can not be large-scale operation, which increased the difficulty of disassembly and labor costs. If the operation is improper, it is more likely that short circuit will cause fire or explosion, leakage will pollute the surrounding environment and threaten the health of employees, resulting in casualties and property losses.

　　At present, there is no data record of the usage of some "retired" power batteries, only the original data when they leave the factory, and the usage process and current state are unknown. Before the power battery is used step by step, each module must be tested, which greatly increases the cost of the enterprise. At the same time, based on the limited data, the prediction of the remaining life is not accurate enough, which will undoubtedly increase the quality risk of the products.

　　The above factors make the economic benefit of recycling power batteries low. A staff member of a battery recycling enterprise told the reporter that the small workshop gave up many key links such as detection and discharge in battery recycling, and the operators did not receive professional training, so the operating cost was much lower than that of regular enterprises, thus having more room for bargaining power and battery acquisition cost, which caused vicious competition with regular enterprises.

　　3. The maintenance traceability of the "ID card" of the power battery has not been smooth.

　　In fact, as early as 2016, China has issued the "Implementation Plan for Extended Producer Responsibility System", requiring the establishment of a recycling system for electric vehicle power batteries. The plan points out that electric vehicle and power battery manufacturers should be responsible for establishing a waste battery recycling network, recycling waste batteries through after-sales service network, and publishing recycling information to ensure standardized recycling and safe disposal of waste batteries. Power battery manufacturers should implement product coding and establish a full life cycle traceability system.

　　On July 31, 2018, the national monitoring platform for new energy vehicles and the comprehensive management platform for the traceability of power batteries (hereinafter referred to as "the national traceability management platform") was launched. The platform was built by the National Engineering Laboratory for Electric Vehicles of Beijing Institute of Technology, and its main function was to collect information and monitor the whole process of power batteries’ production, sales, use, scrapping, recycling and utilization, so as to realize that the source of power batteries can be traced, the destination can be traced and the nodes can be controlled.

　　At present, the national traceability platform has collected more than 5.6 million vehicle information data, including new energy passenger cars, buses, special vehicles, etc., and the total number of supporting batteries exceeds 8.9 million, with batteries exceeding 28 billion watt-hours. It involves more than 290 new energy vehicle manufacturers and more than 180 battery companies.

　　The establishment of the whole life cycle traceability system means that every car’s battery has its own "ID card". But why do batteries still flow into small workshops? Some insiders pointed out that although China has established a traceability management system, due to the lack of mandatory policies, enterprises have problems such as serious lag, incompleteness and difficulty in traceability when reporting data. At the same time, the current policies and regulations are not binding on how car owners deal with batteries, which also gives small workshops an opportunity to buy power batteries.

　　"In 2015, China’s technical policy has clearly stated that a power battery coding system will be established. The Interim Measures for the Management of Recycling in 2018 proposed the establishment of a power battery traceability information management system, coding technical standards and related information sharing mechanisms. However, in reality, there are many types and quantities of enterprises involved, such as battery manufacturers, battery maintenance and replacement institutions, battery leasing enterprises, and cascade utilization enterprises. The battery life cycle is as long as several years, and coding maintenance is difficult. " Liu Wanmin said.

　　Jia Jingchun said: "Professional battery recycling is a large-scale system engineering. How to recycle requires coordination from all sides, especially the cooperation of automobile manufacturers, battery manufacturers and related extension industries. Once a link in the whole cycle is unreasonable, it will inevitably lead to problems of lag and other derivatives in recycling. "

　　4. The national standard system for battery recycling still needs to be improved.

　　By the end of 2020, China’s National Standardization Administration Committee has issued five national standards for the recycling of vehicle batteries, basically forming a standard system framework. In addition, the regulatory policies for the recycling of power batteries, the relevant standards of the echelon industry and the industry regulatory system are also being improved. However, some insiders pointed out that most of the standards currently issued are recommended standards, and there are problems such as insufficient binding force and lack of superior law in the implementation process.

　　"At present, new energy owners are interested in ‘ Retired ’ In fact, most people are still vague about how to dispose of batteries. Some car companies have introduced battery replacement, such as full mileage or ‘ Service ’ Time for battery replacement and recycling. However, the large-area battery life of new energy vehicles has not yet arrived. " Jia Jingchun said that he pointed out that over time, new energy owners will gradually become more experienced in how to properly handle power batteries. "At present, we should establish corresponding supervision and legislation to ensure that used batteries can be returned to manufacturers or recycling enterprises. At the same time, the supervision of battery production and use must be formed. After leaving the factory, traceability, use tracking and battery destination after use all need a set of supervision mechanisms. "

　　Many experts in the industry pointed out that in order to speed up the recycling of power batteries, in addition to strengthening the implementation of the producer extension system, there are still three aspects to be improved in the future: first, we must strengthen publicity and raise consumers’ awareness of environmental protection; Second, we should formulate policies to subsidize or reward enterprises that actively participate in battery recycling, and at the same time crack down on non-compliant recycling; The third is to speed up the transformation of intelligent equipment in enterprises, improve the efficiency of battery recycling, reduce the recycling cost through economies of scale, improve the bargaining power of enterprises, and provide effective protection for the normal operation of enterprises, thus fundamentally solving the industrial problems of high cost and low profit and guiding the further standardization of battery recycling.

　　As many batteries go online, there are many batteries to be "retired". As an important part of the development of new energy vehicle industry in the future, the healthy and standardized development of power batteries is very important.

　　This year’s government work report mentioned that the construction of power battery recycling system will be accelerated. At the national level, China has accelerated the legislative process of power battery recycling. In addition, the reporter learned that on March 29, 2021, the national evaluation and trading platform for "retired" power batteries of new energy vehicles (also known as battery house) was established in Foshan City, Guangdong Province.

　　The platform will aggregate the resources of the National Engineering Laboratory for Electric Vehicles, the National Monitoring and Management Platform for Battery Traceability and the specialized committee for recycling new energy batteries, and strive to maximize the battery utilization rate. Based on the blockchain technology, it will provide many services for new energy automobile enterprises, such as performance evaluation of big data power batteries, offline laboratory testing and online trading of power batteries, and it is also expected to help solve the industrial problems such as difficult recycling, limited sales channels and lack of rapid performance testing technology in the recycling of power batteries.

　　(Reporter Li Yulan Du Bing)